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FAMILY PSYCHODIDAE | Rüdiger Wagner and Paul L.Th. Beuk |
Version date: 26-09-2023 09:09
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Diagnosis. Small, short-legged midges (less than 6.0 mm). Body covered by a dense vestiture of hairs and setae, but less so in Sycoracinae. Head with reniform eyes connected by an eye bridge (Psychodinae) or with circular eyes (other subfamilies); antennae with 14-16 segments, often adorned with single or paired ascoids; mouth parts non-functional, except in Sycoracinae (blood-sucking on amphibians and reptiles). Wings oval with 9-10 longitudinal veins and almost no cross-veins; anal area reduced; R with four (Sycoracinae, Trichomyiinae) or five branches (Psychodinae); M with three branches; wings in rest held roof-like over abdomen but flat in Sycoracinae and almost all Telmatoscopini and Pericomini. Adults of Psychodinae with hump-backed appearance because of reduced sternite 1. Male genitalia not inverted in Sycoracinae, inverted by torsion of egments 7 and 8 in Trichomyiinae, and inverted by torsion of segment 9 in Psychodinae. The rear margin of the male head in some genera of Psychodinae with permanently inverted structures (cornicula), that play a role in courtship behaviour, as well as further structures (permanently or accidentally eversible patagia and tegulae) on the male pro- and mesothorax. Some of these are covered with hairs and setae of contrasting colour, others produce pheromones. Coloration and pheromones play a decisive role in courtship behaviour. Larvae of Psychodinae are heavily sclerotized and consist of 26 or 27 body 'rings' (pseudosegments or annuli). The pattern of hairs and setae on the segments often is specific, so that the larvae of Psychodinae are determinable down to species level. Larvae of Trichomyiinae are vermiform. Larvae of Sycoracinae are very small and asselliform.
Biology. The metapneustic larvae prefer moist or aquatic environments near ponds, lakes, streams, and even in man-made habitats. Main larval requirements are food, a substratum on or in which they can move, and almost permanent contact with atmospheric oxygen. There are four larval instars. Sycoracinae are univoltine and their larvae live in moss carpets near springs and natural wetlands along streams and small unpolluted rivers. Trichomyiinae are univoltine and their larvae are restricted to dead and decaying wood, preferably of old willow and alder. In the Psychodinae most species of the Pericomini and Telmatoscopini are univoltine in Northern Europe, but in Central Europe up to two generations per year may develop, and even more in Southern Europe. Psychodini in general are polyvoltine. Larvae feed on decaying organic matter, those of Psychodini prefer the eutrophic conditions of the dung of ungulates and a few of carnivores, some are abundant even in sewage treatments works (e.g., the trickling filter fly, Psychoda (Tinearia) alternata). However, most may be classified as collectors, or micro-shredders of almost every kind of decaying organic matter in streams. There are numerous adjustments to ecological conditions in different genera or species, that enable larvae to survive even under conditions of fast flowing alpine streams. Adults are weak flyers.
General references. Chandler (1998a [classification]), Jung (1958 [Trichomyiinae]), Quate & Vockeroth (1981 [general, keys to North American genera]), Vaillant (1971 , 1972a , 1972b , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981a , and 1983 [Psychodinae, general, keys to species of adults and larvae]), Wagner (1982 [Trichomyiinae], 1990a [catalogue], 1997a [general, keys to genera], 1999 [classification]).
References to the local fauna. Boumans (2009a , 2009b , 2011 ), Ciliberti (2017 ), Ciliberti et al. (2017 ), Cuppen (2009), Ježek (1994 , 1996 ), De Meijere (1935 , 1939b ), Mol (1984) , Wagner (1990a ).
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How to quote this page: Wagner, R., & P.L.Th. Beuk, 2023. Family Psychodidae. In: Beuk, P.L.Th. (Ed.): Checklist of the Diptera of the Netherlands, https://diptera-info.nl/news.php?fam=Psychodidae (date accessed: 06/12/2023). |
NL: 61, 1? |
B: 72 |
D: 57, 1? |
UK: 99 |
World: 3000 |
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PSYCHODIDAE |
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PSYCHODINAE |
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Maruinini |
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Tonnoiriella Vaillant, 1972 |
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pulchra (Eaton, 1893)  |
added by Mol (1984: 81 ) |
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Pericomaini | Note 1 ![header=[Note] body=[The previously used name Pericomini is preoccupied by the Dermapteran subfamily Pericominae (derives from the genus <i>Pericomus</i>). The use of Pericomaini as an alternate spelling follows Sabrosky (<font color=ff0000>1999</font>).] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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Clytocerus Eaton, 1904 |
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subg. Boreoclytocerus Duckhouse, 1978 |
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dalii (Eaton, 1893)  |
N; added by Ježek (2020: 367 ) and Mol et al. (2020:134 ) |
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ocellaris (Meigen, 1804)  |
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splendidus Ježek & Hájek, 2007  |
informally recorded here: http://www.dipter...d_id=47091 |
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Parabazarella Vaillant, 1983 |
Note 2 ![header=[Note] body=[Former subgenus of <i>Bazarella</i> Vaillant, 1960, raised to generic level by Ježek (<font color=ff0000>2001</font>).] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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subneglecta (Tonnoir, 1922)  |
added by Mol (1984: 81 ) |
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Pericoma Walker, 1856 |
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subg. Pachypericoma Vaillant, 1978 |
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fallax Eaton, 1893  |
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subg. Pericoma Walker, 1856 |
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diversa Tonnoir, 1919  |
N; added by Cuppen (2009: 7 ) |
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exquisita Eaton, 1893  |
added by Mol (1984: 81 ) |
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trifasciata (Meigen, 1804)  |
added by Mol (1984: 81 ) |
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Pneumia Enderlein, 1935 |
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= Satchelliella Vaillant, 1979 |
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canescens (Meigen, 1804)  |
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compta (Eaton, 1893)  |
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extricata (Eaton, 1893)  |
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mutua (Eaton, 1893)  |
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nubila (Meigen, 1818)  |
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palustris (Meigen, 1804)  |
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trivialis (Eaton, 1893)  |
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Ulomyia Walker, 1856 |
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annulata (Tonnoir, 1919)  |
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fuliginosa (Meigen, 1804)  |
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Psychodini |
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Chodopsycha Ježek, 1984 |
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lobata (Tonnoir, 1940)  |
N; added by Ježek (2020: 367 ) and Mol et al. (2020:134 ) |
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Philosepedon Eaton, 1904 |
Note 3 ![header=[Note] body=[Source of changed placement from Telmatoscopini to Psychodini still needs to be added.] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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subg. Philosepedon Eaton, 1904 |
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humeralis (Meigen, 1818)  |
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perdecorum Omelková & Ježek, 2012  |
T; added by Omelková & Ježek (2012: 37 ) |
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Psychoda Latreille, 1798 |
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subg. Apsycha Ježek, 2007 |
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pusilla Tonnoir, 1922  |
Note 4 ![header=[Note] body=[Placement in subgenus <i>Apsycha</i> following Boumans (<font color="ff0000">2011</font>).] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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subg. Copropsychoda Vaillant, 1971 |
Note 5 ![header=[Note] body=[Treated as subgenus of <i>Psychoda</i> following Boumans (<font color="ff0000">2011</font>).] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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brevicornis Tonnoir, 1940  |
added by Ježek (1996: 92, 203 ) |
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subg. Logima Eaton, 1904 |
Note 5 ![header=[Note] body=[Treated as subgenus of <i>Psychoda</i> following Boumans (<font color="ff0000">2011</font>).] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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albipennis Zetterstedt, 1850  |
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= severini Tonnoir, 1922 |
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= parthenogenetica Tonnoir, 1940 |
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erminea Eaton, 1893  |
Note 6 ![header=[Note] body=[Year of description 1998 as used by Wagner & Beuk (<font color="ff0000">2002a</font>) corrected to 1893 (see Bouwmans, <font color="ff0000">2011</font>).] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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satchelli Quate, 1955  |
added by Ježek (1996: 92, 203 ) |
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sigma Kincaid, 1889  |
N; added as surcoufi by Boumans (2009b: 11 ) |
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= surcoufi Tonnoir, 1922 |
Note 7 ![header=[Note] body=[The synonymy was already established by Withers (<font color='ff0000'>1988</font>) but who neglected to apply the rules of priority.] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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zetterstedti (Ježek, 1983)  |
added by Ježek (1996: 92, 203 ) |
Note 8 ![header=[Note] body=[According to Boumans (<font color="ff0000">2011</font>) <i>zetterstedti</i> resembles <i>satchelli</i> very closely and might even prove to be synonymous. ] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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subg. Psycha Ježek, 1984 |
Note 5 ![header=[Note] body=[Treated as subgenus of <i>Psychoda</i> following Boumans (<font color="ff0000">2011</font>).] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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grisescens Tonnoir, 1922  |
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subg. Psychoda Latreille, 1798 |
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crassipenis Tonnoir, 1940  |
added by Ježek (1996: 92, 203 ) |
Note 9 ![header=[Note] body=[Spelling of species <i>crassipennis</i> as used by Wagner & Beuk (<font color="ff0000">2002a</font>) corrected to <i>crassipenis</i> (see Bouwmans, <font color="ff0000">2011</font>).] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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phalaenoides (Linnaeus, 1758)  |
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uniformata Haseman, 1907  |
added by Jaume-Schinkel et al. (2023: 9 ) |
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subg. Psychodocha Ježek, 1984 |
Note 5 ![header=[Note] body=[Treated as subgenus of <i>Psychoda</i> following Boumans (<font color="ff0000">2011</font>).] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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cinerea Banks, 1894  |
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gemina (Eaton, 1904)  |
added by Wagner (1990a: 47 ) |
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subg. Psychodula Ježek, 1984 |
Note 5 ![header=[Note] body=[Treated as subgenus of <i>Psychoda</i> following Boumans (<font color="ff0000">2011</font>).] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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minuta Banks, 1894  |
added by Ježek (1996: 92, 203 ) |
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subg. Psychomora Ježek, 1984 |
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trinodulosa Tonnoir, 1922  |
added by Ježek (1996: 92, 203 ) |
Note 10 ![header=[Note] body=[Placement in subgenus <i>Psychomora</i> following Boumans (<font color="ff0000">2011</font>).] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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subg. Tinearia Schellenberg, 1803 |
Note 5 ![header=[Note] body=[Treated as subgenus of <i>Psychoda</i> following Boumans (<font color="ff0000">2011</font>).] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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alternata (Say, 1824)  |
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lativentris (Berdén, 1952)  |
added by Ježek (1996: 92, 203 ) |
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subg. Ypsychoda Ježek, 1984 |
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setigera Tonnoir, 1922  |
N; added by Boumans (2011: 59 ) |
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Threticus Eaton, 1904 |
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lucifugus (Walker, 1856)  |
added by Beuk (2021a: 174 ) |
Note 11 ![header=[Note] body=[Material examined: OVERIJSSEL: Vasse (Hazelbekke, 1 ⌈m⌋: 16-18.v.1998, leg. B. van Aartsen MT ⌈NHMM ALC⌋).] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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Trichopsychoda Tonnoir, 1922 |
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hirtella Tonnoir, 1919  |
N; added by Boumans (2011: 61 ) |
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Telmatoscopini |
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Clogmia Enderlein, 1937 |
Note 12 ![header=[Note] body=[Use of genus author Ježek, 1983 as used by Wagner & Beuk(<font color="ff0000">2002a</font> corrected to Enderlein, 1937 (see Bouwmans, <font color="ff0000">2009a</font>).] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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albipunctata (Williston, 1893)  |
N; added by Boumans (2009a: 1 ) |
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rothschildi (Eaton, 1912)  |
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Jungiella Vaillant, 1972 |
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= Parajungiella Vaillant, 1972 |
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consors (Eaton, 1893)  |
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longicornis (Tonnoir, 1919)  |
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soleata (Haliday in Walker, 1856)  |
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Mormia Enderlein, 1935 |
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subg. Hemimormia Krek, 1971 |
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albicornis (Tonnoir, 1919)  |
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subg. Katamormia Ježek, 1984 |
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acuminata (Strobl, 1901)  |
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subg. Limomormia Vaillant, 1982 |
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= Jovamormia Ježek, 1984 |
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caliginosa (Eaton, 1893)  |
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Panimerus Eaton, 1913 |
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albifacies (Tonnoir, 1919)  |
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albomaculatus (Wahlgren, 1904)  |
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goetghebueri (Tonnoir, 1919)  |
added by Ciliberti et al. (2017: 63 ) and Ciliberti (2017: 240 ) |
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maynei (Tonnoir, 1920)  |
added by Jaume-Schinkel et al. (2023: 7 ) |
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notabilis (Eaton, 1893)  |
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Paramormia Enderlein, 1935 |
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= Duckhousiella Vaillant, 1972 |
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fratercula (Eaton, 1893)  |
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ustulata (Haliday in Walker, 1856)  |
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Peripsychoda Enderlein, 1935 |
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auriculata (Haliday in Curtis, 1839)  |
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fusca (Macquart, 1826)  |
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Seoda Enderlein, 1935 |
Note 13 ![header=[Note] body=[Nomenclatorial issues surrounding <i>Telmatoscopus</i> and <i>Seoda</i> were discussed by Kvifte (<font color='ff0000'>2014</font>).] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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= Telmatoscopus Eaton, 1904: sensu auct. |
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ambigua (Eaton, 1893)  |
added by Ciliberti et al. (2017: 64 ) |
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morula (Eaton, 1893)  |
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schlitzensis (1975, 1893)  |
added by Ciliberti et al. (2017: 64 ) |
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similis Tonnoir, 1922  |
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SYCORACINAE |
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TRICHOMYIINAE |
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Trichomyia Curtis, 1839 |
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urbica Haliday in Curtis, 1839  |
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Doubtful species |
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Mormia Enderlein, 1935 |
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subg. Limomormia Vaillant, 1982 |
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furva (Tonnoir, 1940)  |
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Note 14 ![header=[Note] body=[Listed for the Netherlands by Ježek et al. (<font color='ff0000'>2012</font>: 122) in the distribution of the species but the record for the Netherlands could not be traced back to any of the references given.] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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Deleted species |
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Clogmia Enderlein, 1937 |
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tristis (Meigen, 1830) |
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Note 15 ![header=[Note] body=[After earlier records this species was deleted by De Meijere (1935: 225) and not included in De Meijere (1939b).] delay=[0] fade=[on]](../../infusions/checklist/images/note.gif) |
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Notes |
Note 1 |
The previously used name Pericomini is preoccupied by the Dermapteran subfamily Pericominae (derives from the genus Pericomus). The use of Pericomaini as an alternate spelling follows Sabrosky (1999 ). |
Note 2 |
Former subgenus of Bazarella Vaillant, 1960, raised to generic level by Ježek (2001 ). |
Note 3 |
Source of changed placement from Telmatoscopini to Psychodini still needs to be added. |
Note 4 |
Placement in subgenus Apsycha following Boumans (2011 ). |
Note 5 |
Treated as subgenus of Psychoda following Boumans (2011 ). |
Note 6 |
Year of description 1998 as used by Wagner & Beuk (2002a ) corrected to 1893 (see Bouwmans, 2011 ). |
Note 7 |
The synonymy was already established by Withers (1988 ) but who neglected to apply the rules of priority. |
Note 8 |
According to Boumans (2011 ) zetterstedti resembles satchelli very closely and might even prove to be synonymous. |
Note 9 |
Spelling of species crassipennis as used by Wagner & Beuk (2002a ) corrected to crassipenis (see Bouwmans, 2011 ). |
Note 10 |
Placement in subgenus Psychomora following Boumans (2011 ). |
Note 11 |
Material examined: OVERIJSSEL: Vasse (Hazelbekke, 1 [m]: 16-18.v.1998, leg. B. van Aartsen MT [NHMM ALC]). |
Note 12 |
Use of genus author Ježek, 1983 as used by Wagner & Beuk(2002a corrected to Enderlein, 1937 (see Bouwmans, 2009a ). |
Note 13 |
Nomenclatorial issues surrounding Telmatoscopus and Seoda were discussed by Kvifte (2014 ). |
Note 14 |
Listed for the Netherlands by Ježek et al. (2012: 122 ) in the distribution of the species but the record for the Netherlands could not be traced back to any of the references given. |
Note 15 |
After earlier records this species was deleted by De Meijere (1935: 225 ) and not included in De Meijere (1939b ). |
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The latest revisions at different levels |
The family introduction was last edited on 21-07-2017 13:51 |
Sycoracidae was the last (sub)family to be edited on 28-01-2014 18:20 |
Maruinini was the last tribe to be edited on 11-07-2016 11:44 |
Threticus was the last (sub)genus to be edited on 31-07-2021 18:47 |
Psychoda uniformata was the last (sub)species to be edited on 26-09-2023 09:09 |
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